Energi Alternatif yang Potensial

Energi Alternatif yang Potensial

 

Sumber energi alternatif mulai populer di seluruh dunia, menggangtikan sumber energi fosil yang perlahan-lahan mulai habis. Berdasarkan kebijakan Amerika Serikat tentang sumber energi, ada delapan sumber energi alternatif yang berpotensi untuk menggantikan peran minyak dan gas.

1. Ethanol

   Merupakan bahan bakar yang berbasis alkohol dari fermentasi tanaman, seperti jagung dan gandum. Bahan bakar ini dapat dicampur dengan bensin untuk meningkatkan kadar oktan dan kualitas emisi. Namun, ethanol memiliki dampak negatif terhadap harga pangan dan ketersediannya.

2. Gas Alam

   Gas alam sudah banyak digunakan di berbagai negara yang biasanya untuk bidang properti dan bisnis. Jika digunakan untuk kendaraan, emisi yang dikeluarkan akan lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan dengan minyak. 

Akan tetapi, efek rumah kaca yang dihasilkannya 21 kali lebih buruk.

3. Listrik

   Listrik dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar transportasi, seperti baterai. Tenaga listrik dapat diisi ulang dan disimpan dalam baterai. Bahan bakar ini menghasilkan tenaga tanpa ada pembakaran ataupun polusi, namun sebagian dari sumber tenaga ini masih tercipta dari batu bara dan meninggalkan gas karbon.

4. Hidrogen

   Hidrogen dapat dicampur dengan gas alam dan menciptakan bahan bakar untuk kendaraan. Hidrogen juga digunakan pada kendaraan yang menggunakan listrik sebagai bahan bakarnya. Walaupun begitu, harga untuk penggunaan hidrogen masih relatif mahal.

5. Propana

   Propana atau yang biasa dikenal dengan LPG merupakan produk dari pengolahan gas alam dan minyak mentah. Sumber tenaga ini sudah banyak digunakan sebagai bahan bakar. Propana menghasilkan emisi lebih sedikit dibandingkan bensin, namun penciptaan metananya lebih buruk 21 kali lipat.

6. Biodiesel

   Biodiesel merupakan energi yang berasal dari tumbuhan atau lemak binatang. Mesin kendaraan dapat menggunakan biodiesel yang masih murni, maupun biodiesel yang telah dicampur dengan minyak. Biodiesel mengurangi polusi yang ada, akan tetapi terbatasnya produk dan infrastruktur menjadi masalah pada sumber energi ini.

7. Methanol

   Methanol yang juga dikenal sebagai alkohol kayu dapat menjadi energi alternatif pada kendaraan. Methanol dapat menjadi energi alternatif yang penting di masa depan karena hidrogen yang dihasilkan dapat menjadi energi juga. Namun, sekarang ini produsen kendaraan tidak lagi menggunakan methanol sebagai bahan bakar.

8. P-Series

   P-series merupakan gabungan dari ethanol, gas alam, dan metyhltetrahydrofuran (MeTHF). P-series sangat efektif dan efisien karena oktan yang terkandung cukup tinggi. Penggunaannya pun sangat mudah jika ingin dicampurkan tanpa ada proses dengan teknologi lain. Akan tetapi, hingga sekarang belum ada produsen kendaraan yang menciptakan kendaraan dengan bahan bakar fleksibel.

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Info Teknologi : TURBIN ANGIN

Info Teknologi : TURBIN ANGIN

Turbin angin adalah kincir angin yang digunakan untuk membangkitkan tenaga listrik. Turbin angin ini pada awalnya dibuat untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan para petani dalam melakukan penggilingan padi, keperluan irigasi, dll. Turbin angin terdahulu banyak dibangun di Denmark, Belanda, dan negara-negara Eropa lainnya dan lebih dikenal dengan Windmill.

Kini turbin angin lebih banyak digunakan untuk mengakomodasi kebutuhan listrik masyarakat, dengan menggunakan prinsip konversi energi dan menggunakan sumber daya alam yang dapat diperbaharui yaitu angin. Walaupun sampai saat ini pembangunan turbin angin masih belum dapat menyaingi pembangkit listrik konvensonal(Co: PLTD,PLTU,dll), turbin angin masih lebih dikembangkan oleh para ilmuwan karena dalam waktu dekat manusia akan dihadapkan dengan masalah kekurangan sumber daya alam tak terbaharui(Co : batubara, minyak bumi) sebagai bahan dasar untuk membangkitkan listrik.

Perhitungan daya yang dapat dihasilkan oleh sebuah turbin angin dengan diameter kipas r adalah :



dimana ρ adalah kerapatan angin pada waktu tertentu dan v adalah kecepatan angin pada waktu tertentu. Umumnya daya efektif yang dapat dipanen oleh sebuah turbin angin hanya sebesar 20%-30%. Jadi rumus diatas dapat dikalikan dengan 0,2 atau 0,3 untuk mendapatkan hasil yang cukup eksak.


Jenis turbin angin ada 2, yaitu :
1. Turbin angin sumbu horizontal(Darrieus wind turbine)
2. Turbin angin sumbu tegak

Prinsip dasar kerja dari turbin angin adalah mengubah energi mekanis dari angin menjadi energi putar pada kincir, lalu putaran kincir digunakan untuk memutar generator, yang akhirnya akan menghasilkan listrik.
Sebenarnya prosesnya tidak semudah itu, karena terdapat berbagai macam sub-sistem yang dapat meningkatkan safety dan efisiensi dari turbin angin, yaitu :

1. Gearbox
Alat ini berfungsi untuk mengubah putaran rendah pada kincir menjadi putaran tinggi. Biasanya Gearbox yang digunakan sekitar 1:60

2. Brake system
Digunakan untuk menjaga putaran pada poros setelah gearbox agar bekerja pada titik aman saat terdapat angin yang besar. Alat ini perlu dipasang karena generator memiliki titik kerja aman dalam pengoperasiannya. Generator ini akan menghasilkan energi listrik maksimal pada saat bekerja pada titik kerja yang telah ditentukan. Kehadiran angin diluar diguaan akan menyebabkan putaran yang cukup cepat pada poros generator, sehingga jika tidak diatasi maka putaran ini dapat merusak generator. Dampak dari kerusakan akibat putaran berlebih diantaranya : overheat, rotor breakdown, kawat pada generator putus, karena tidak dapat menahan arus yang cukup besar.

3. Generator

Ini adalah salah satu komponen terpenting dalam pembuatan sistem turbin angin. Generator ini dapat mengubah energi gerak menjadi energi listrik. Prinsip kerjanya dapat dipelajari dengan menggunakan teori medan elektromagnetik. Singkatnya, (mengacu pada salah satu cara kerja generator) poros pada generator dipasang dengan material ferromagnetik permanen. Setelah itu disekeliling poros terdapat stator yang bentuk fisisnya adalah kumparan-kumparan kawat yang membentuk loop. Ketika poros generator mulai berputar maka akan terjadi perubahan fluks pada stator yang akhirnya karena terjadi perubahan fluks ini akan dihasilkan tegangan dan arus listrik tertentu. Tegangan dan arus listrik yang dihasilkan ini disalurkan melalui kabel jaringan listrik untuk akhirnya digunakan oleh masyarakat. Tegangan dan arus listrik yang dihasilkan oleh generator ini berupa AC(alternating current) yang memiliki bentuk gelombang kurang lebih sinusoidal.

4. Penyimpan energy

Karena keterbatasan ketersediaan akan energi angin (tidak sepanjang hari angin akan selalu tersedia) maka ketersediaan listrik pun tidak menentu. Oleh karena itu digunakan alat penyimpan energi yang berfungsi sebagai back-up energi listrik. Ketika beban penggunaan daya listrik masyarakat meningkat atau ketika kecepatan angin suatu daerah sedang menurun, maka kebutuhan permintaan akan daya listrik tidak dapat terpenuhi. Oleh karena itu kita perlu menyimpan sebagian energi yang dihasilkan ketika terjadi kelebihan daya pada saat turbin angin berputar kencang atau saat penggunaan daya pada masyarakat menurun. Penyimpanan energi ini diakomodasi dengan menggunakan alat penyimpan energi. Contoh sederhana yang dapat dijadikan referensi sebagai alat penyimpan energi listrik adalah aki mobil. Aki mobil memiliki kapasitas penyimpanan energi yang cukup besar. Aki 12 volt, 65 Ah dapat dipakai untuk mencatu rumah tangga (kurang lebih) selama 0.5 jam pada daya 780 watt.

Kendala dalam menggunakan alat ini adalah alat ini memerlukan catu daya DC(Direct Current) untuk meng-charge/mengisi energi, sedangkan dari generator dihasilkan catu daya AC(Alternating Current). Oleh karena itu diperlukan rectifier-inverter untuk mengakomodasi keperluan ini. Rectifier-inverter akan dijelaskan berikut.

5. Rectifier-inverter

Rectifier berarti penyearah. Rectifier dapat menyearahkan gelombang sinusodal(AC) yang dihasilkan oleh generator menjadi gelombang DC. Inverter berarti pembalik. Ketika dibutuhkan daya dari penyimpan energi(aki/lainnya) maka catu yang dihasilkan oleh aki akan berbentuk gelombang DC. Karena kebanyakan kebutuhan rumah tangga menggunakan catu daya AC , maka diperlukan inverter untuk mengubah gelombang DC yang dikeluarkan oleh aki menjadi gelombang AC, agar dapat digunakan oleh rumah tangga.

READ MORE - Info Teknologi : TURBIN ANGIN

Overland Train Car Giant

Overland Train is a giant vehicle developed by LeTourneau, heavy equipment maker based in Longview, Texas for the U.S. Army since 1950. The vehicle was developed to assist the process of transport and cargo through the Arctic polar extreme conditions. A very large wheel supported by a greater power, is intended to allow the vehicle can travel over all terrain worst. Power to drive this monster came from four gas turbine / electric engine capable of producing 1170 horsepower. Staffed by six people and capable of carrying loads up to 150 tons of supplies and equipment. The average speed around 20 mph with a range of the average distance that can be taken of this vehicle as far as 350-400 miles. Since helicopters are developed, these vehicles are no longer used. Last time this vehicle was used in 1962.

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TYPE 10 PISTOL BEST IN THE WORLD

The gun is a firearm that can be fired with one tangan.Kata 'gun' began to be used to describe the hand-held firearms in the 18th century. In the 15th century gun means a small knife that can be hidden in clothing.
Gun or small arms is divided into two main types. Revolver, which uses a rotating bullet rooms. And regular pistol, the bullet together with the barrel room. The gun uses a variety of bullet caliber, from .22 to .50 cal. There are several sequence types of the world's best pistol in my opinion. Based on the accuracy, shot power, keampuan capacity of each weapon. Here are 10 categories of types of firearms (Pistol / Revolper)
NUMBER 10 BARRETA 92 / ITALY
Specification: round box magazine / semi-automatic (Complete)

NUMBER 9 Walther P99 / GERMANY
Feed system 12 or 16 round box magazine / semi-automatic (Complete)

NUMBER 8 HS2000/Springfield Armory / CROATIA
Weight: 0.89 kg Catridge: 9x19 mm feed system: 9/12/13/16 round box magazine
NUMBER 7 DCC SIG P250 SWITZERLAND / GERMANY
Round box magazine / semi-automatic (Complete)
NUMBER 6 Hackler & KOCH MARK 23 / GERMANY / USA

box magazine / semi-automatic (Complete)
NUMBER 5 Glock 19 / AUSTRIA Round box magazine / semi-automatic (Complete)

NUMBER 4 FN FNP-45 / BELGIUM / USA Round Magazine / Semi Automatic (Complete)
NUMBER 3 Heckler & Koch USP / GERMANY
Round Magazine / Semi Automatic (Complete)

NUMBER 2 P3 / INDONESIA
Round Magazine / Semi Automatic (Complete)
NUMBER 1 FN FIVE-SEVEN

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10 cars that are fastest in the world today.

1. SSC Ultimate Aero Shelby Supercars (SSC) Ultimate Aero. The car that bears the name of Shelby is capable of driving up to speeds around 257 mph or 413.6 km / h and can accelerate from 0-100 km / h in just 2.7 seconds, the ability of a car that has a base price of U.S. $ 654,400 this already recorded in the Guinness World Records. The ability is in the can thanks to the application engine twin-turbo V8-powered 1183 hp.
2. Bugatti Veyron The car that had become the fastest car before being beaten by the SSC Ultimate Aero has a top speed of 253 mph or about 407 km / h and accelerates from 0-100 km / h in just 2.5 seconds. But the car's ability to redeem equipped by powerful 1001 hp W16 engine, the Bugatti provide a sufficient basis crazy price of U.S. $ 1.7 million.
3. Saleen S7 Twin-Turbo This car has a ferocious speeds up to 248 mph or about 399 km / h with the ability to accelerate from 0-100 km / h in just 3.2 seconds. The ability of super cars from California is obtained thanks to the twin engine turbo-strength lightweight aluminum 750 hp. This car was released at a base price of U.S. $ 555,000.
4. Koenigsegg CCX With the ability to run up to 245 mph or about 394 km / h and accelerates from 0-100 km / h in just 3.2 seconds, the Koenigsegg is not wrong to give the base price of U.S. $ 545,568 for the CCX that holding a powerful 806 hp V8 engine and is made in This Swedish.
5. McLaren F1 This car has long graced the list of world's fastest cars. Armed with the ability to run up to 240 mph, or about 386.2 km / h and acceleration from 0-100 km / h in just 3.2 seconds, it is not wrong if the car holding a V12 engine with 627 hp and a valuable base of U.S. $ 970,000 remains one of the dreaded car.
6. Aston Martin One-77 This car slowly started to carve the fastest time record for a car brand in the UK. This car could break down when tested speed 220 mph figure, or about 354 miles per hour. Aston Martin Jaguar XJ220 also broke the record as the fastest car in the UK
Equipped with the 7.3 liter V12 configured, One-77 is designed to provide power to fascinate. Moreover, application of two-door sports coupe made from carbon fiber, monocoque and body structure and adopt active aerodynamic technology new.
7. Ferrari Enzo For this one, there is no more question. Ferrari Enzo Ferrari car is a living legend that is able to drive up to 217 mph or 349.2 km / h and accelerates from 0-100 km / h in just 3.4 seconds. These capabilities can be a car worth at the base of U.S. $ 670,000 thanks to the application F140 engine V12-powered 660 hp.
8. Jaguar XJ220 Just like the Ferrari Enzo, the car has power or 217 mph or 349.2 km / hr. But when Enzo can accelerate from 0-100 km / h in just 3.2 seconds, a little more slow XJ220 which is only 3.8 seconds. Still, the ability of cars made in 1992 with the twin engine turbo-powered 542 hp and has a base price of U.S. $ 650,000 should not be underestimated.
9. Pagani Zonda F This car has a top speed of 215 mph or about 346 km / h with the ability to accelerate from 0-100 km / h in just 3.5 seconds. Because that's not surprising that the basic car worth U.S. $ 667.3 thousand who apply V12 engine of Mercy has become one of the fastest cars during this.
10. Lamborghini Murcielago LP640 Car of the raging bull bearing manufacturer has its own strengths around 211 mph or 339.5 km / h with the ability to accelerate from 0-100 km / h in just 3.3 seconds. Armed with a fantastic design with crazy abilities of V12-powered 640 hp engine, then the base price of U.S. $ 430,000 was tempting. (Http://us.oto.detik.com)

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Eco Wind Turbine

The use of wind turbines become a necessity because it claimed to be alternative energy solutions that are environmentally friendly.

Recently, an Australian company, Renewable Energy Solutions Australia (Resa), it managed to make Eco Whisper Turbines, wind turbines are designed using many of the rotor blades are interconnected by two rings at the end of the rotor blades and the pertengahannya.

This design is no longer using the tail to drive the turbine diameter is 6.5 meters in the direction of the wind. Environmentally friendly system that was adopted came from the addition of the rotor as much as 30 pieces with 2 rings.

The company stated at the end use of the rotor is claimed can reduce the noise generated significantly.

In addition, the 21.1-meter-high tower that is used is also designed to be laid starting from the middle.

The goal for wind turbine maintenance is easier and avoid the extremes of wind above the limit of his ability, although wind turbines are designed to withstand winds of 220 km / hour.

Resa also claims the wind turbine with a capacity of 20 kilowatt electrical energy can produce 45,000 kWh per year.

Unfortunately Resa does not clearly indicate what percentage of noise that it generates compared to other wind turbines. (c8/lik)

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Generator World's Largest Wind Turbine

Terbesqr wind turbine generators in the world currently in testing in the North Sea, about 25 m off the eastern coast of Scotland near the Beatrice oil field. It is the first large turbines offshore is tested in place, also the first wind turbine generators installed in the sea deep enough - with a depth of 44 m. Installation took place in August 2006.
The same prototype turbine has been operating in Brunsbüttel, Germany, since 2004, which requires 1300 cubic meters of concrete foundasi made of 40 concrete pillars along the 24 meters and 120 tons of steel. In December 2006 two other wind turbines with a capacity of 5 MW has been installed in the field testing of DEWI-OCC in Cuxhaven, Germany, and already in operation. Location Cuxhaven near the North Sea water-retaining embankments. There are plans to install a number of these giant turbines at other locations.
Repower turbines made in Germany has a capacity of 5 MW with a rotor blade diameter of 126 meters with winds sweep area covering 12.000 m2. Maximum power output achieved at wind speed 5.13 m / sec, but the power of 2 MW can still dibangktkan at low wind speeds. Turbine rotors start spinning at wind speeds of 3 m / sec, and will stop automatically when the wind reaches a speed of 30 m / sec.
Power control is achieved by turning the blade pitching rotor blades individually from strong winds to prevent damage to structures.
Each turbine weighs 900 tons, including more than 120 m high tower that must be firmly planted on the seabed. Each turbine blade length is 61.5 meters and weigh 18 tons. LM Glasfiber, the turbine maker, has demonstrated achievement meminimalan weight of the turbine, thereby reducing the costs and effects on the environment.
Wind turbine power plants like it very suitable for offshore lokai who have high and consistent wind speed and turbulence are minimal. Based on wind speed recorded at the Beatrice offshore locations, these turbines will operate for approximately 96% of the number of days per year (8440 days) and generate full power of 5 MW for 38% hours of operation per year (3300 days). (Source: www.reuk.co.uk).

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wind turbines

Wind turbines are windmills used to generate electricity. This wind turbine was originally created to accommodate the needs of farmers in making rice mills, irrigation purposes, etc.. Previous wind turbines were built in Denmark, the Netherlands and other European countries and better known as the Windmill.
Wind turbines are now more widely used to accommodate the electrical needs of the community, using the principle of energy conversion and use of natural resources which can be updated is the wind. Although to date the construction of wind turbines are still not able to compete with power generation konvensonal (Example: diesel, power plant, etc.), wind turbines are still further developed by scientists because in the near future humans will be faced with the problem of shortage of non-renewable natural resources (Example: coal, petroleum) as a base material to generate electricity.
Calculation of power that can be generated by a wind turbine with a diameter fan r is:
P = \ frac {1} {2} \ rho \ pi R ^ 2 v ^ 3 where ρ is the density of the wind at a given time and v is the wind speed at a given time.
Generally effective power that can be harvested by a wind turbine is only 20% -30%. So the above formula can be multiplied by 0.2 or 0.3 to obtain a sufficiently exact results.The basic principles of wind turbines is to change the mechanical energy of wind into energy play in the wheel, then spin wheel used to turn a generator, which will eventually produce electricity.
Actually the process is not that easy, because there are various sub-systems that can improve safety and efficiency of wind turbines, namely:
1. GearboxThis tool serves to change the low round on the mill into high rotation. The gearbox is usually used around 1:60.
2. Brake SystemUsed to keep the rounds on the shaft after the gearbox in order to work safely at the point when there is a big wind. These tools need to be installed because the generator has a safe working point in the operation. This generator will produce electric energy maximum at the point when working on the work that has been determined. The presence of the wind outside diguaan will cause a fairly rapid rotation on the shaft generator, so that if not addressed then this rotation can damage the generator. The impact of damage caused by excessive rounds include: overheated, rotor breakdown, broken wire in the generator because it can not withstand large currents.
3. GeneratorThis is one of the most important component in the manufacture of wind turbine systems. These generators can change the energy of motion into electrical energy. The principle works can be studied using electromagnetic field theory. In short, (referring to the workings of one generator) on the generator shaft fitted with a permanent ferromagnetic material. After that, around the axis of the stator which forms fisisnya there are coils of wire that form a loop. When the generator starts rotating shaft there will be changes in the stator flux is ultimately due to a change of this flux will produce a certain voltage and amperage. Voltages and currents generated electricity is distributed through the electrical network cable to eventually be used by the public. Voltage and electric current generated by the generator in the form of AC (alternating current) which has approximately sinusoidal waveform.
4. Energy storageDue to the limited availability of energy-wind (no wind throughout the day will always be available), the availability of electricity was erratic. Therefore, use of energy storage devices that serve as back-up electrical energy. When the load increases the use of electrical power or when the wind speed of a region are declining, the need for electric power demand will not be met. Therefore we need to store the energy generated when there is excess power at a wind turbine spinning or when the use of power in society decreases. Energy storage is accommodated by using energy storage devices. A simple example which can be referenced as an electrical energy storage device is a car battery. Car battery has a storage capacity large enough energy. Battery 12 volt, 65 Ah can be used to dole households (approximately) for 0.5 h at 780 watts of power.
Constraints in using this tool is the tool requires a power supply DC (Direct Current) to meng-charge/mengisi energy, while the power supply from the generator produced AC (Alternating Current). Therefore, the rectifier-inverter is needed to accommodate this purpose. Rectifier-inverter will be described below.
5. Rectifier-inverterRectifier means rectifier. Wave rectifier can rectify sinusodal (AC) produced by the generator into a DC waveform. Inverter is inverting. When the required power from energy storage (batteries / other) then the supply will be generated by wave-shaped battery DC. Since most household uses AC power supply, it would require an inverter to convert DC waves released by the battery into the AC waveform, so that could be used by the household.

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